The research, recently published in the cell magazine, reveals the immunological mechanisms. As well as the significant benefits of COVID-19 vaccines that are administered directly into the respiratory tract, instead of the traditional injection.
Inhaled vaccines are much more effective
Because inhaled vaccines target the lungs and upper respiratory tract. Where respiratory viruses first enter the body, they are much more effective at inducing a protective immune response, the researchers report.
The reported preclinical study, which was conducted in animal models, provided the critical proof of concept to enable a Phase 1 clinical trial, which is currently underway to evaluate inhaled aerosol vaccines in healthy adults who had already received two doses. of an mRNA vaccine COVID.
The tested COVID vaccine strategy was based on a strong tuberculosis vaccine research program established by Zhou Xing. Co-senior author of the new study and professor in the McMaster Immunology Research Center and Department of Medicine.
“What we have discovered from many years of research is that the vaccine delivered to the lung induces a general protective immunity of the respiratory mucosa. A property that the injected vaccine lacks,” says Xing.
Currently licensed COVID vaccines are all injected
The McMaster COVID vaccine represents one of the few developed in Canada. Urgent work is a critical mission of Global Nexus for Pandemics and Biological Threats of Canada, which is headquartered in McMaster.
The researchers compared two types of adenovirus platforms for the vaccine. Viruses serve as vectors that can carry the vaccine directly to the lungs without causing disease.
“We can get ahead of the virus with our vaccine strategy,” says Miller. “Current vaccines are limited because they will need to be updated and they will always be chasing the virus.”
Both types of the new McMaster vaccine are effective against highly transmissible variants because they are designed to attack three parts of the virus. Including two that are highly conserved among coronaviruses and don’t mutate as quickly as the spike.
All currently approved COVID vaccines in Canada target only the spike protein, which has shown remarkable mutability.
In addition to being needle-free and pain-free, an inhaled vaccine is highly effective
“This vaccine could also provide preventative protection against a future pandemic, and that’s really important because, as we’ve seen during this pandemic, and as we saw in 2009 with the swine flu. Even when we are able to rapidly produce a vaccine for a pandemic virus, it is already too late. Millions of people died, even though we were able to make a vaccine in record time,” says Miller.
“We reveal in our report that in addition to neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immunity, the vaccine delivered into the lungs stimulates a unique form of immunity known as trained innate immunity. Which can provide very broad protection against many lung pathogens in addition to SARS-CoV. -2”, adds Xing.
In addition to being needle-free and painless, an inhaled vaccine is so effective at attacking the lungs and upper airways that it can achieve maximum protection with a small fraction of the dose of current vaccines. Possibly as little as 1 percent. meaning a single batch of vaccine could go 100 times as far, the researchers say.
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